MARTINEAU, James.

Types of Ethical Theory ... Third edition, revised. Vol. I [– II].

Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1891. Two vols, 8vo, pp. xxxii, 526; viii, 596 + 8-page publisher’s catalogue; booklabel to the front pastedown in each vol.; stain to pp. 150–2 in vol. II, edges very lightly browned elsewhere; original publisher’s cloth, slightly skewed, extremities a little worn, spines lettered gilt, very lightly sunned. Third edition, revised: ‘a compendium of logical psychology, presenting in explicit form, the principles and processes of knowledge which are here assumed and implicitly operative throughout’ (I, vii). Martineau (1805–1900) had set out his ethical stance in his Studies of Christianity (1858), but it was the present work that witnessed its fullest exposition. ‘There were four basic assumptions to [Martineau’s] ethics. First, he emphasized that morality was concerned with motive or inner springs of action rather than with the outward actions themselves. Second, Martineau made the assumption that every person had the ability to distinguish between right and wrong, good and evil, and higher and lower values. For Martineau, every action was right which in the presence of a lower principle follows a higher (Vol. 2, p. 270). Martineau’s third assumption was that the ability to distinguish moral worth was a God-given faculty that resided in the conscience. Finally, Martineau’s ethical theory affirmed man’s free will, and asserted that in every moral situation the individual must be faced with a choice of at least two alternatives. If there was no free will or no choice, then no moral situation would exist.’ (Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century British Philosophers).

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